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Abstract
Differential diagnosis of a new abdominal mass is broad and includes infection, malignancy and other inflammatory processes. Definitive diagnosis may be challenging without invasive biopsy, as history, physical exam and imaging may be non-specific. A 69-year-old man with a history of abdominal tuberculosis presented with a new painful abdominal cyst consistent with reactivation of tuberculosis versus new malignancy. Investigations revealed 4+ acid-fast bacilli from the aspirate suggestive of tuberculosis, but no improvement was noted on antituberculous therapy. Core needle biopsy noted c-KIT-positive spindle cells, diagnostic for a gastrointestinal stromal tumour, while cultures grew non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
- stomach and duodenum
- drugs: infectious diseases
- TB and other respiratory infections
- gastric cancer
- pathology
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- stomach and duodenum
- drugs: infectious diseases
- TB and other respiratory infections
- gastric cancer
- pathology
Background
Approximately one-fourth of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis (TB).1 Extrapulmonary TB is infrequent, accounting for about 15% of all new TB cases worldwide in 2016.2 Abdominal TB is even rarer, totalling only 1%–3% of all TB cases globally.3 It is notoriously difficult to diagnose abdominal TB due to its non-specific signs and symptoms, as it typically presents with abdominal pain and other vague constitutional symptoms.4 Further, it is often challenging to isolate acid-fast bacilli (AFB) from patient specimens.4 Abdominal TB is best imaged by CT imaging, which typically reveals asymmetric wall thickening of the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes with necrotic lymph nodes.5 Diagnosis needs to be made promptly to allow for early initiation of antituberculous treatment to prevent the morbidity and mortality of untreated TB. Definitive diagnosis of abdominal TB relies on needle biopsy with histopathology and mycobacterial cultures from the specimen.4
Given its challenges in diagnosis, abdominal TB must be distinguished from a broad differential diagnosis of abdominal pathologies, including Crohn’s disease, malignancies, other acute infections and intestinal sarcoidosis.3 In fact, gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have remarkably similar diagnostic challenges to abdominal TB. Patients with GISTs often present with similar abdominal symptoms and/or constitutional complaints.5 Larger GISTs may be visualised on CT as heterogeneous masses in the luminal wall, often accompanied by necrosis.5 Due to insufficient sampling, diagnosis of GISTs on aspirated samples alone may be inadequate, similar to abdominal TB.5 Abdominal TB misdiagnosed as GIST has been reported previously.6 7 An early diagnosis of GIST may be life-saving as standard therapy with surgical resection with or without immunotherapy has 5-year survival rates of over 90% in localised disease but only 55% in the setting of distant metastasis.8
Case presentation
A 69-year-old man from Asia presented with left upper quadrant (LUQ) abdominal pain. His medical history was most notable for a diagnosis of ileocecal TB in 1993 based on appearance on CT scan. At that time, he was treated with 10 months of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (RIPE), with reported resolution of imaging findings. While visiting family in the United States in 2019, he developed isolated LUQ abdominal pain without other signs or symptoms. On examination, a mass was palpated lateral to the stomach. Blood work revealed a mild normocytic anaemia but otherwise normal complete blood count and electrolytes. C reactive protein was elevated to 37 mg/L on presentation. CT scan revealed a complex cyst measuring 13 × 11 × 10 cm abutting the stomach and spleen, concerning for a pyogenic abscess (figure 1). Aspiration of the lesion revealed sanguinous fluid and 6 × 109 white blood cells per litre with neutrophilic predominance. Gram stain was unrevealing, while AFB and anaerobic cultures yielded no growth. Fungal, aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures remained unremarkable. Cytology of the fluid showed no malignant cells. At the time of the needle aspiration, a drain was placed for decompression of the abscess. Because of reaccumulation of fluid, drainage was performed again 2 weeks later.
Abdominal CT scan showed a large complex cyst abutting the stomach and spleen
Investigations
Repeat drainage revealed 4+AFB on acid fast smear. AFB culture could not be grown, though, on solid or liquid media. QuantiFERON TB gold was positive. HIV−1 and 2, Echinococcus and Entamoeba histolytica serologies were negative. Based on his reported history of ileocecal TB and preliminary microbiological findings, the patient was diagnosed with reactivation of abdominal TB and started on RIPE therapy with supplementary pyridoxine.
Ten days later, his treatment was complicated by elevation of transaminases and all RIPE therapy was discontinued. RIPE was then sequentially re-introduced and the offending agent was found to be PZA. Moxifloxacin was substituted for PZA, and the transaminitis resolved. Mycobacterial cultures from the aspirates remained challenging to grow, complicated by overgrowth of normal bowel flora.
One month after reintroduction of antituberculous therapy, the patient reported increased abdominal drainage, associated with worsening anorexia, hypotension and hypovolaemic hyponatraemia. This prompted a repeat CT of the abdomen, showing that the mass was enlarging with increasing areas of wall thickening and soft tissue nodularity, suggesting an increasingly organised collection (figure 2).
Subsequent CT scan noted enlarging mass with a necrotic centre and wall thickening
A core needle tissue biopsy was obtained through interventional radiology. Histopathology illustrated soft tissue cores of spindle cell proliferation that stained positively for CD117 (c-KIT) and CD34, consistent with GIST (figure 3). Repeat cyst cultures grew Pseudomonas putida and Mycobacterium chelonae, which was the likely aetiology of the positive AFB smears.
Biopsy showed spindle cell proliferation on (A) hematoxylin and eosin stain, magnification 20x, and (B) CD117+immunostaining, magnification 10x.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis for an abdominal mass is broad and includes infection, malignancy and other inflammatory processes. Given elevated C reactive protein level, an inflammatory process was high on the differential diagnosis. The mass on initial CT scan was concerning for a pyogenic abscess, thus an infectious process was considered to be most likely. Since the patient had a history of abdominal TB, reactivation of TB was of strong concern, prompting AFB smear and cultures to be obtained. The patient’s risk factors for abdominal TB combined with 4+AFB on acid fast smear were strongly suggestive for a diagnosis of TB infection. Remarkably, the patient’s symptoms did not improve with antituberculous therapy and AFB cultures did not reveal Mycobacterium tuberculosis, prompting biopsy of the mass. Histopathology of the core needle biopsy strongly corroborated a diagnosis of GIST. However, a diagnosis of coinfection with M. tuberculosis was still under consideration due to the presence of AFB on smear. Repeat cultures revealed M. chelonae, explaining the presence of AFB on smear and a diagnosis of M. tuberculosis was eliminated from the differential.
Treatment
On initial aspiration of the mass, no definitive diagnosis was found. The patient was managed supportively only, with continuous drainage of the mass and outpatient follow-up. When 4+AFB was detected on acid fast smear after repeat aspiration, the patient was treated with RIPE therapy for presumed diagnosis of M. tuberculosis. Moxifloxacin was substituted in for PZA subsequently due to the development of transaminitis from PZA use. Once the diagnosis of M. chelonae was made on biopsy, antituberculous treatment was discontinued and oral clarithromycin was started instead. P. putida was assessed to be a commensal organism that was unlikely to be causing infection.
Once the diagnosis of GIST was made on biopsy, staging and referral to oncology and general surgery were recommended. The patient wished to proceed with definitive care in his home country, thus staging and specialty referrals were not pursued in the United States.
Outcome and follow-up
The patient wished to proceed with further care at home. Within a couple of days of diagnosis of GIST, he travelled to his home country in stable condition. He was evaluated by his primary care provider and general surgery in his home country. He started treatment for GIST at that time. One year later, however, he developed oncological complications that resulted in death.
Discussion
This case highlights several important points. First, the diagnosis of reactivation of TB hinges on high clinical suspicion. This patient was at increased risk for TB given he had presented from a highly endemic area with prior presumptive diagnosis and resolution. His current laboratory workup showing positive QuantiFERON gold testing was consistent with a diagnosis of TB, though this result cannot be further extrapolated to determine active versus latent TB. Positive AFB smears are more consistent with an active infection. Although AFB smears have a specificity approaching 97% for mycobacteria,9 10 they cannot distinguish between tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria.10 Thus, cultures growing M. tuberculosis become necessary in the definitive diagnosis of active TB.
This warrants explanation of the second teaching point of this case. It is notoriously difficult to grow mycobacteria on cultures in the setting of abdominal TB. The sensitivity of detecting pulmonary TB on a single sputum culture is around 79%.11 In contrast, only 20% of cultures will successfully grow mycobacteria from abdominal specimens.12 Abdominal TB becomes even more challenging to diagnose because up to 15% of patients will not have associated pulmonary disease, and sampling the sputum cannot assist in diagnosis.13
Multiple new techniques have been developed to improve definitive diagnosis of abdominal TB. These include mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT), PCR, Xpert MTB/RIF assay and TB-loop mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP).14 However, clinical applications of these techniques are not well established. MGIT is a liquid-based media that uses fluorochromes to detect growth and drug susceptibility and has been faster at yielding growth with less cross-contamination. Despite this advancement, the positive culture yield has only been around 51%–53% on MGIT media.14 Addition of certain antibiotics, such as p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNB), may help distinguish TB from non-tuberculous mycobacteria on MGIT, as PNB selectively inhibits TB growth while allowing non-tuberculous mycobacteria to proliferate.15 Selective testing of various mycobacterial species on MGIT, though, is not a routine practice. PCR was initially believed to be a promising approach with high specificity, but is dependent on sample quantity and quality. The Xpert MTB/RIF assay uses nucleic acid amplification techniques to rapidly detect TB and potential resistance to rifampin. It has a reported sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 91% for extrapulmonary TB, respectively, but is not a replacement for mycobacterial cultures or growth-based susceptibility tests required for adequate treatment of TB.14 16 TB-LAMP is a cutting edge technique that appears useful for earlier diagnosis of TB but has not yet been clinically validated for extrapulmonary TB.
Abdominal TB may look remarkably similar to GIST but has a drastically different pathophysiology. Abdominal TB is most often found in the ileocecal region after AFB in the respiratory system are coughed up and ingested in the gastrointestinal tract or from AFB being consumed in infected milk.13 M. tuberculosis can spread hematogenously and form thickened submucosal granulomas that can ulcerate.13 These may present in remarkably similar fashion to GISTs with symptoms including abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration. On imaging, CT for both TB and GIST may show thickened luminal walls.13 17 Similar to our patient, M. chelonae may be seen as a disseminated disease in patients with cancer, such as GIST, which further contributes to diagnostic hesitancy.18 The stark contrast between them occurs at the microscopic level. Most GISTs are made up of spindle cells staining palely eosinophilic that contain vacuoles adjacent to round nuclei.17 They tend to be sclerotic, arranged in whorls or fascicles, and collagenous.17 In contrast, abdominal TB has characteristic granulomas with or without necrosis on histological examination.19 Caseation is more common in lymph nodes than in the gastrointestinal mucosa, and AFB may also be seen in histological specimens.19 This suggests that in most patients, histological analysis is the most definitive way of distinguishing between GIST and abdominal TB.
This case exemplifies that the diagnosis of a new painful abdominal mass, in a patient with previous TB, requires meticulous history taking, diagnostic work up and often invasive histological analysis. Distinguishing abdominal TB from other causes of painful abdominal mass is challenging but necessary, as early initiation of appropriate treatment can be life saving and reduce morbidity. Analysis of newer non-invasive techniques to isolate M. tuberculosis appear promising but need to be further validated prior to clinical use.
Learning points
Definitive diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis from gastrointestinal stromal tumour may be difficult, as both present with similar clinical features and imaging findings.
In histopathology, gastrointestinal stromal tumours will show spindle cells that may be c-KIT positive, whereas abdominal tuberculosis will present with granulomas with or without caseation.
Despite many emerging techniques, culturing mycobacteria from abdominal samples remains a significant challenge.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr Namrata Anand in the Department of Anatomic Pathology at Beth Israel Lahey Health for her guidance on the histological findings in this case.
Footnotes
Twitter @DSaxena_MD
Contributors DS was the resident physician caring for the patient and the primary writer of the manuscript. RAD was the infectious disease specialist caring for the patient and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. RRF was the patient’s primary care physician and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. AC was the patient’s primary pulmonologist and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors were in agreement with the contents of the manuscript prior to submission.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Case reports provide a valuable learning resource for the scientific community and can indicate areas of interest for future research. They should not be used in isolation to guide treatment choices or public health policy.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.